المضائق البحرية التركية واثرها في الادراك الاستراتيجي الروسي تجاه منطقة البحر الاسود بعد العام 2014

Abstract

The

Black Sea region has emerged as a strategic center of gravity reflecting the major geopolitical transformations of the 21st century, where economic interests meet security threats and military strategies intersect with political alliances. The Black Sea has become more than just a body of water; it is a symbolic space reflecting the conflict of identities and the competition for influence between East and West. With its unique geographical location at the Bosphorus and Dardanelles Straits, Turkey is a major player redefining its role by employing geography as a tool for both soft and hard power. It is not just a country located at a crossroads; Rather, it is a strategic actor reshaping the balance of power in the Black Sea region through multidimensional foreign policies that combine traditional alliances with innovative economic partnerships. On the other hand, NATO's eastward expansion poses a geopolitical challenge to Russia, which views this expansion as a direct threat to its national security and regional influence. The Black Sea, traditionally considered a Russian sphere of influence, has today become an arena for a struggle over strategic identities between Moscow and the Atlantic powers. Here, waters are transformed into defensive lines, ships into deterrent tools, and alliances into geopolitical weapons. Amid this struggle, the European Union emerges as a power seeking to secure its energy and security interests across the Black Sea. Through energy projects and pipelines, the EU is attempting to transform the Black Sea into a secure zone for energy flows, reflecting a shift in the concept of security from military to economic. It is not merely an economic player, but a strategic actor redefining its role in confronting Russian expansion.